Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms. To optimize the performance of these systems, several key factors need to be carefully considered. The sel

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) represent a cutting-edge system in wastewater treatment. They integrate the concepts of conventional activated sludge processes with highly membrane filtration. This innovative combination achieves exceptional effluent quality, effectively eliminating a wide range of pollutants, including suspended solids, organic matter